Some advantages and disadvantages of internet Essay Example for Free

Some advantages and disadvantages of internet Essay The internet which was once just a little puddle, now, have become an ocean; an ocean of knowledge. It is like a magical crystal ball which has an answer for every question of yours and the best thing about it is; it is completely free. I know how much I have learnt from the internet. How internet is better than books when it comes to knowledge? The answer to this would be the infinity of the internet. Plus, apart from this, learning from internet is much more fun. You have all kinds of videos about basically every topic that you can imagine of. Disadvantages If availability of knowledge helps people to do good things, it is also, a help for evil. There are thousands of websites which tells you ways to make a bomb or how to commit suicide. People even learn how to hack websites from the internet. Communication Advantages Another amazing thing about the internet is the communication that it makes possible. Most of the business firms communicate with each other with the help of e-mails. It is not only a faster way but also the safer way too. With internet you can video chat with a person who might be in some other continent as of yours. Disadvantages We are getting so use to of virtual communication that we are lacking a physical contact with our acquaintances. It is separating us from the real world around us, which I think smothers the development of personality of an individual. Smaller World Advantage Due to internet our world is becoming smaller and smaller. Computers which are connected to internet are connected to each other. This facilitates the transfer of a file or even a folder from one computer to another. Disadvantage Due to this connection your personal data can be stolen from your computer. Various kinds of virus, malware, and spyware enter your computer via internet. Convenience Advantages With the help of the internet we can do almost everything at home. We can do everything from paying bills to buying airline tickets, from finding jobs to ordering stuff. It sure saves us lots of time in this busy and competitive world. Apart from this, it also saves us energy so that you can put that energy to more productive things. Disadvantages Like every technology, internet too reduces your effort but in return it takes a toll on your health. As you can get practically everything sitting at your home you don’t go around physically. So, your physical activity goes to nil. I believe any type of transaction that you do on internet is unsafe. Hackers can suck all of your life’s savings if you use internet banking services. Virtual Information Advantage With more people relying on internet for getting information the usage of books will also reduce. This will decrease deforestation and will prove eco-friendly. Disadvantage If people will choose internet over books this will increase the energy consumption. Jobs Business Advantage Thousands of people are using internet to get their bread and butter. There are all types of jobs available on the internet from data entering to translation. Websites and blogs are solely internet based businesses and from what I know people are earning quite a healthy amount of money from it. You just need an idea and great determination to pull it off. Disadvantage To tell you the truth I don’t think there is a valid disadvantage to this but if I be a little strict a low wage might be one. I some cases, it depends upon the country in which you reside American and Europeans are paid highest. Entertainment Advantage I think more than anything mentioned above entertainment is the thing for which the internet is used. You can find almost every song made anywhere in the world on the internet and same is for movies. All sorts of multiplayer games can be played with an opponent who might be on the other side of the world; thanks to internet. Disadvantage Internet has encouraged the concept of piracy. Due to this, the individual or the production house or the music label that produces a particular piece of music/movie/video game ends up with a hole in their profits. Asking a question Advantage If there is a question in your mind of which no answer can be found neither in the books nor on the internet itself then, there are lots of sites available in which you can put a question and there will be millions of people answering it. As you don’t need to reveal any identity to do so; you can ask the most embarrassing questions. Disadvantage Most of the people answering these questions are not qualified professionals. This leads to lot of myths spreading around. Data Storage Advantage There are lots of sites on which you can store your vital data by paying a small rent of the hard disk that it takes. For very important things like wedding video or pictures which you don’t want to lose can be stored there because crashing of the hard drive is not a very rare sight now a days. Disadvantage We have seen endless number of times in history that these kinds of sites have been compromised by hackers. This creates a fear in the mind of users about the secrecy of their content. Social networking sites Advantages Social networks have changed our lives. It is like a virtual world. I personally think if you have an account in a social networking website then you are never alone. There is always something happening. I think the best part of social networking websites is, they can sometimes work like a support group because I feel someone can tell what they feel and people listen to it. It is like an outlet for your emotions, which, if kept inside screws an individual mind.

Christian Thoughts :: essays research papers

LONG AGO, or maybe not so long ago, there was a tribe in a dark, cold cavern. The cave dwellers would huddle together and cry against the chill. Loud and long they wailed. It was all they did. It was all they knew to do. The sounds in the cave were mournful, but the people didn’t know it, for had never known life. But then, one day, they heard a different voice. â€Å"I have heard your cries,† it announced. â€Å"I have felt your chill and seen your darkness. I have come to help.† The cave people grew quiet. They had never heard this voice. Hope sounded strange to their ears. â€Å"How can we know you have come to help?† â€Å"Trust me,† he answered. â€Å"I have what you need.† The cave people peered through the darkness at the figure of the stranger. He was stacking something, then stooping and stacking more. â€Å"What are you doing?† one cried, nervous. The stranger didn’t answer. â€Å"What are you making?† one shouted even louder. Still no response. â€Å"Tell us!† demanded a third. The visitor stood and spoke in the direction of the voices. â€Å"I have what you need.† With that he turned to the pile at his feet and lit it. Wood ignited, flames erupted, and light filled the cavern. The cave people turned away in fear. â€Å"Put it out!† they cried. â€Å"It hurts to see it.† â€Å"Light always hurts before it helps,† he answered. â€Å"Step closer. The pain will soon pass.† â€Å"Not I,† declared a voice. â€Å"Nor I,† agreed a second. â€Å"Only a fool would risk exposing his eyes to such light.† The stranger stood next to the fire. â€Å"Would you prefer the darkness? Would you prefer the cold? Don’t consult your fears. Take a step of faith.† For a long time no one spoke. The people hovered in groups covering their eyes. The firebuilder stood next to the fire. â€Å"It’s warm here,† he invited. â€Å"He’s right,† one from behind him announced. â€Å"It’s warmer.† The stranger turned and saw a figure slowly stepping toward the fire. â€Å"I can open my eyes now,† she proclaimed. â€Å"I can see.† â€Å"Come closer,† invited the fire builder. She did. She stepped into the ring of light. â€Å"It’s so warm!† She extended her hands and sighed as her chill began to pass. â€Å"Come, everyone! Feel the warmth,† she invited. â€Å"Silence, woman!† cried one of the cave dwellers. â€Å"Dare you lead us into your folly? Leave us and take your light with you.† She turned to the stranger. â€Å"Why won’t they come?

Femininity In “Dracula” Essay

Many critics and literary analysts believe that femininity or to some extent metamorphosis of women constitutes the central theme of Stoker’s â€Å"Dracula. † For instance, Kline explains that femininity occurs in two ways: first by the transformation of the â€Å"good† English women into sexually or intellectually challenging New Women, and then again when their â€Å"potentially revolutionary attributes †¦ are destroyed, one way or another† either through death, as seen with Lucy, or reduction to a silent (and therefore no longer intellectually challenging) inspirational figure, as occurs with Mina (Kline, 144). Explaining the idea behind women in Dracula Stoker argues that â€Å"†¦for women to deny their traditional role was to deny their womanhood, to challenge the distinctions between women and men upon which the family ~ and therefore society — depended† (Stoker, 206). Stoker’s â€Å"Dracula† addresses these concerns regarding femininity as outlined by Stoker and Kline, and contains examples of it, through the â€Å"brute force† and â€Å"sexual wantonness† of the vampire women that attack Jonathan, as well as Lucy’s transformation and the â€Å"masculine aggressiveness† represented by Mina’s capabilities. The men in the novel are established as representatives of a patriarchal society, but it is the authoritative presence of Van Helsing that is primarily used both to advocate a return to a patriarchal system, and to refeminize women through either denial of their abilities or by repeated insistence that they are objects of chivalric concern. The text is replete with examples where female identity is transformed. This is accomplished through a variety of methods that are, like the vampiric taint from the mixing of blood, interrelated. For example, Mina is transformed into an object of idealization and chivalric concern, and as a result of this â€Å"protection,† she is also attacked by Dracula and emotionally altered as a result of her exclusion – both of which occur precisely because the men remove her from their counsel and leave her unattended. The text is used to show that these women – in a sense â€Å"new women† representatives – are dangerous and in need of â€Å"correction,† which occurs in the novel through punishment, including death and destruction, and the denial of authority. The sexual aspects of the New Woman are vilified through association with the monstrosity of vampirism, and what vilifies the intellectual woman in the text is her challenge to male intellect and authority. The attack on the sexual woman begins with Jonathan’s assault by the vampire women at Castle Dracula, which then justifies the attack on Lucy when she takes over as their â€Å"modern† equivalent; since he gets no retribution against these vampire women, it is necessary in the text to have Lucy punished for her seemingly similar challenge to gender roles as a result of her potentially promiscuous behavior. The attack on the intellectual woman begins with what Johnson calls Mina’s â€Å"discourteous act† in first handing Van Helsing her shorthand diary, which he is unable to read. The sexual woman in the text is first represented by the â€Å"weird sisters† (Stoker, 80) at Castle Dracula, through both their role-reversing assault on Jonathan and their anti-maternal behavior in feeding on the â€Å"half-smothered child† given to them by Dracula when he halts their attack (Stoker, 71). These women symbolize what Griffins calls â€Å"the worst nightmare and dearest fantasy of the Victorian male: the pure girl turned sexually ravenous beast† (Stoker, 143), with these vampire women being classified as frightening — and by extension, all modern or sexual women ~ in part due to the emotional confusion they create in men. Although they are described by Jonathan as â€Å"ladies by their dress and manner† (Stoker, 68), having â€Å"brilliant white teeth, that shone like pearls† and â€Å"a silvery, musical laugh† (Stoker, 69), their effect on Jonathan is described, through his own reporting, to make him uneasy (69) due to their â€Å"deliberate voluptuousness which was both thrilling and repulsive† and his reaction that he â€Å"felt in my heart a wicked, burning desire that they would kiss me† (Stoker, 69). Interpreting Jonathan’s mixed emotions as resulting from a fear of an inability to sexually handle three women presents an interesting parallel later with Lucy, who wistfully speaks of being able to marry three men (Stoker, 91). By presenting women’s sexuality as aberrant and monstrous rationalizes the violence that is utilized in destroying Lucy and the vampire women, and the text is therefore suggesting, through this vampiric taint, that all sexual women are dangerous and need to be destroyed. It is this destruction, in addition to physical death, that sends the message that there is no redemption for â€Å"new women†. Seward’s diary records the event that lets Lucy â€Å"take her place with the other Angels† (253): â€Å"The Thing in the coffin writhed †¦ the sharp white teeth champed together till the lips were cut, and the mouth was smeared with a crimson foam. But Arthur †¦ [drove] deeper and deeper the mercy-bearing stake, whilst the blood from the pierced heart welled and spurted up around it† (Stoker, 254). Similarly, Van Helsing records â€Å"the horrid screeching as the stake drove home; the plunging of writhing form, and lips of bloody foam† as he â€Å"restore[s] these [vampire] women to their dead selves† (Stoker, 412). From the beginning of the novel Mina is presented as different from the vampire women, signifying that the woman who challenges gender roles through her intellect is different from the sexual woman. Jonathan’s journal distinguishes her from the â€Å"awful† vampire women: â€Å"Mina is a woman, and there is nought in common [with the vampire women]. They are devils of the Pit! † (Stoker, 85). Once the sexual woman has been dispensed of through Lucy’s death, the text then attacks the intellectual woman through Mina; and it is not until the former is eradicated that Mina’s talents are presented as dangerous or threatening. Although Charles Prescott and Grace Giorgio opine: â€Å"Lucy’s transformation and destruction function as cautionary examples for Mina. She learns not only that vampires and transgression must be brutally brought into line but also what can happen to anyone outside the Victorian codes of normalcy† (Stoker, 151), it is only after she is stripped of the ability to use her intellect, as she is silenced by Van Helsing and excluded through the presumably chivalric protection of the men, that she becomes sexual. Descriptions of violence against women – a retribution for their challenge to gender roles – serve to impart the message that there is no redemption for femininity, that despite any atonement or transformation, their transgressions are considered so heinous that they must be destroyed. Interestingly, the eradication of Dracula, described merely as his â€Å"crumbl[ing] into dust and pass[ing] from †¦ sight† (Stoker, 418), without the brutality that is levied against the female vampires, serves as proof that the destruction previously described is in reprisal for the female transgression of gender codes, and not a necessity in ending the threat of vampirism. Works Cited Stoker, Bram. Dracula. Ed. Glennis Byron. Ontario: Broadview Literary P, 2000 Kline, Salli J. The Degeneration of Women: Bram Stoker’s Dracula as Allegorical Criticism of the Fin de Siecle. Rheinbach-Merzbach: CMZ-Verlag, 1992

Tradition of Criminal Justice - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2976 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Tags: Criminal Justice Essay Did you like this example? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Compare and Contrast the Common Law tradition of Criminal Justice with the Civil Law tradition using actual examples where possibleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  There is a general agreement that there are three major legal systems in the world; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“English Common Law, Continental Civil Law, and Religious Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (S M Shahidullah, 2012:13). Each legal system carries their own individual traditions which help explore how the systems have developed over time and it is these legal traditions that are used within society to ensure it runs smoothly and effectively as they provide all citizens with rules which they must obey by and follow. This paper will aim to compare and contrast the general features of two of the three major legal systems which are the Common Law and Civil Law traditions of Criminal Justice, incorporating actual examples. The essay hopes to initially state a general background and history of what each type of Law is; befor e going on to compare and contrast each component of the Civil and Common Law traditions of Criminal Justice. The components to be discussed will generate a clear structure for this essay and will be as follows; firstly, Sources of Law; secondly, The Court Systems; thirdly, Justice Actors; and finally the Criminal Process, before concluding the essay. It is onto the history of each tradition in which this essay continues. Through briefly exploring the history of Civil and Common Law traditions it aids in an understanding of the essential philosophical foundations of both traditions. The Civil Law tradition is the older of the two and it originates from the Roman Republic in the second century B.C (J G Apple, 1995:3). The name derives from the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"just civileà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the civil law of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. In the Roman legal system the role of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"juristà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" who was a person o f legal experts à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" aided in making à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fundamental contributions to the developmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  of the system (J G Apple, 1995:3). This was when the Civil Law tradition began to develop, as it was this time period in which the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Twelve Tabletsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ was born, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the first written law and rudimentary system of dispute resolution in Ancient Romeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (V Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:9). The next major period which saw Civil Law progress was in the 6th Century A.D, this was when the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Corpus Juris Civileà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ was commissioned to be written by the Emperor Justinian of Constantinople. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Corpus Juris Civileà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ codified many different areas of the Roman law which included things such as; inheritance, property, contracts and family (V Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:9). The first contemporary European University was established in Italy during the Enligh tenment Period (11th à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 15th Centuries) and it was here that students from all over Europe came to study Civil Law and took these influences back to their home countries. Unlike the Civil Law tradition, according to Dr Vivienne Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the development of Common Law has been described as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"historical accidentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, arising from the conquest of England by the Normans in 1066 A.Dà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:11). It was the Common Law tradition which introduced the idea of a jury, and this strategy was popular among the public as the jury was made up of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“mostly illiterate peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:11) which it still is today in modern Common Law systems. The main idea of the jury was to represent interests of everyday people and to decide the fate of a person being prosecuted after hearing all the information. In 1701 an independent judiciary a rose from the Act of Settlement and shortly after this a well-known legal academic, Blackstone, published his Observations of the Laws of England, and this helped to develop the America Law (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:11). After this the Common Law impact spread world-wide to many countries from Australia to South Africa (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:11). One of the most commonly known differences between the Civil Law tradition and the Common Law Tradition is the source of law for each. The term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"source of lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is understood to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the authority from which the laws derive their forceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Legal-dictionary). Historically, the distinguishing difference between the two traditions is that the Civil Law source is from codified law whereas, on the other hand, the Common Law source is simply judge-made case law à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" although in recent developments there has been evidence where Civil Law à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“incor porates developments of case-lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Dainow, 1966:427) and Common Law à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“includes legislative encroachmentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ (Dainow, 1966:427). In Civil Law countries à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Parliamentary legislation is the principal source of lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:11) and this legislation is made up of separate statues, codes and ancillary legislation. The book which contains all Civil codes is what holds the different laws which control the relationships between people. Usually the book of Civil codes encompasses the following topics; obligations and contracts, persons and the family, successions and donations, civil responsibility, things and ownership, lease, sale, matrimonial property regimes and acquisitive prescription (adverse possession) and special contracts, as well as liberative prescription (statute and limitations) (Dainow, 1966: 424). According to Dainow 1966, a code is a body of general principles which are cautiously arra nged and carefully integrated rather than special rules for certain situations (Dainow, 1966:424). It would be these codes or legislation that the judge would use to decide the outcome of each separate case and would not use à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“another case for guidance even if the facts were identicalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:12). This was done because it was understood that the codes contained all the relevant information in order to decide a Civil Law case, and also believed that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the legislature makes the law, not the judgesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:12). When looking at the source of law for Common Law countries, the picture is very different. Civil Law was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“developed top-down by legislationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:13) whereas Common Law was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“developed historically on a case-by-case basis from the bottom-upà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:13). Histori cally Common Law focused on resolving differences at hand instead of producing legal principles. In Common Law, when a court would decide the outcome of a particular case à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“its decision was not only the law for those parties, but had to be followed in future cases of the same sortà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Dainow, 1966:424). Of course there would be times when new problems would arise and these problems would bring new cases which in result developed the rules of Common Law, and therefore à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“judicial decisions were both the source and the proof of the lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Dainow, 1966:425). With the development of Common Law brought the conception of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Precedentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and a system named à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Stare Decisisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ which ensured the whole system was kept consistent, fair and definite. Overall, in contrast to Civil Law, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“where judges are tasked with applying the law only, Common Law judges were tasked with mak ing the lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:14). Both the Civil Law and Common Law traditions are similar in the fact they both desire to find the truth, however, the way in which both court systems are set up to achieve this are different. The main difference within the Court Systems of each tradition is that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Common Law courts are unifiedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:17) whereas in Civil Law countries à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“several separate court systems often coexistà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Apple, 1994:24). A Civil Law tradition has numerous sets of courts which all have their own judiciary, jurisdiction, procedure and hierarchy (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:15). In addition to this the Civil Law system has a theoretical distinction between à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"publicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ law and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"privateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ law (Apple, 1994:23). The overall rule is that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ordinary courtsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ deal with private law cases whereas public law cases have their own separate jurisdictions, specifically, constitutional law and administrative law (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:16), and the courts to deal with public law matters, in contrast with the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ordinaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ courts of private law, would be; social security, administrative, commercial, labour, and agriculture courts (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:15). Within the Civil Law tradition verdicts of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Ordinary Courtsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ can be appealed to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Appellate Courtsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and above the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Appellate Courtsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, at the top of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Ordinary Courtsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ stands the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Court of Cassationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:16). The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Court of Cassationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ ensures à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“uniformity in the lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“decides on only questions of law and th e interpretation of statutesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:16). This court can also support the decision of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Appellate Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or proclaim the decision to be unfitting. Overall, the Civil Law system follows the custom of unique codes for the different areas of the law and favours the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“speciality court systems and speciality courts to deal with constitutional law, criminal law, administrative law, commercial law, and civil or private lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Apple, 1994:37). Whereas, the Common Law tradition favours a combined court system with courts of common jurisdiction available to judge criminal law and most forms of civil law cases (Apple, 1994:37). The Court System of the Common Law tradition appears to be a simpler system to that of the Civil Law tradition because all Common Law courts are unified, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“meaning that there is generally one Appeals Court and one Supreme Court in which any case may be s ubject to final scrutinyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:17). The distinctive Common Law court system can be seen as a pyramid, with the lowest ranking court at the bottom, working its way to the highest ranking court at the top of the pyramid. The applicable courts to the Common Law system in England and Wales are beginning with the lowest; the Magistrates Court, the County Courts, the Crown Court, the High Court, the Court of Appeal, the Supreme Court, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, and lastly at the top of the pyramid the European Court of Justice (Gearey, 2012:46). Lately there has been a change in the sense of the development of specialised courts within Common Law for example; Tax, Family Law, Employment, and so on (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:17). Overall, the Common Law Court system prefers an integrated system to decide the outcome of criminal and most types of civil cases à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“including those involving Constitutional Law, Admin istrative Law, and Commercial Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Apple, 1994:37). Within each Court systems there are different Justice Actors which are essential in the proceedings within both the Civil Law tradition and the Common Law tradition. The Justice Actorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of the Civil Law tradition and the Common Law tradition show another major difference within the two systems. The Civil Law tradition, having a total of ten roles, has more Justice Actors than the Common Law which only has six. The Civil Law Justice Actors are; the sitting judge, the investigating judge, prosecutor, police/judicial police, defence counsel, lawyer/avocat, the victim, jury and lay judges, notary and the academic (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012: 17-22), and the six Justice Actors of Common Law are; judge, police, prosecutor, defence counsel, jury, and the victim (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:22-24). The three main Justice Actors of; the judge, the police, and the jury will be further explored. In the Civil and Common Law tradition the judge is a vital associate of the courts. A judge within a Common Law system à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“is a much more powerful figure than in the Civil Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:23) as previously stated they not only decide the outcome of a case but they create the laws themselves. At trial in a Common Law case it is the duty of the judge to act as a referee between the prosecution and defence. In contrast to a Common Law judge who à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"refereesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ cases, the investigating judge in Civil Law traditions is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“responsible for leading the criminal investigation which includes interviewing the accused, the victim and witnesses; and preparing the case file to be passed on to the sitting judgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:17). A sitting judge is there to hear a Civil Law case in court and it is their job to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“question witnesses, and experts, and calls evidenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:18). The next role within the systems is the role of the police. In the Civil Law tradition there are particularly selected à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"judicial policeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ who help the prosecutor and investigating judge in the criminal investigation. In contrast to the Civil Law tradition, the role of the police in the Common Law system is to conduct the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“initial investigation of a crime, from minor to more serious crimes, without any supervision from a prosecutorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:23). The final Justice Actor within the systems to be explored is the Jury. Juries have always played a major role in Common Law systems and the role of the jury is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“to determine à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"beyond a reasonable doubtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ whether the accused person is guilty or innocentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:24). Juries normally only exist in Common Law countries but r ecently there has been a development of them in Civil Law systems such as France and Belgium (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:21) and the duty of the jury in Civil Law is the same as the Common Law tradition. In what follows, the final component to be described between the Civil and Common Law systems is the way in which a case is conducted within each of the traditions. The procedure of a court case in the Common Law tradition can be described as adversarial whereas in the Civil Law tradition the procedure is described as inquisitorial. The inquisitorial model in Civil Law à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“aims to attain justice with the composite effort of the prosecutor, the police, the defence lawyer and the courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Acharya, 2003:63). On the other hand the adversarial model in Common Law à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“advocates the supremacy of law, that is equal treatment of law for all segments of societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Acharya, 2003:65), and a crucial part of this system is legal representa tion from both sides. The criminal proceedings for each of the Civil and Common Law traditions go through the same five stages of; investigation, indictment, trial, verdict and sentencing hearing, and lastly appeals, but it is the way in which these stages are conducted that show the differences and the main stage to be further explored is the nature of the trial stage in each tradition. According to Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the Common Law trial contrasts greatly from the Civil Law traditionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:29). There are many differences within the trial stages but four main differences within each tradition of the trial stages are; time, central players, witnesses, and evidence. Firstly, a trial within a Common Law country tends to be lengthier than the Civil Law trial because of the requirement of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"live testimoniesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, whereas because the judge in a Civil Law trial can look over the case files prior to the trial starting, it will be a much quicker trial (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:26). The next key difference lies within the central players of the different trials. In the Common Law trial the central players à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“are the prosecutor and the defence counsel while the judge acts like an impartial referee between the twoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:29), but in a Civil Law trial the judge is the central player to find the truth and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“neither the prosecutor nor the defence counsel takes centre-stage in the trialà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:26). The third difference to be recognised can be seen when it comes to the witnesses in the trial, and the difference is very simple. In a Common Law trial the prosecution and the defence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“call their own independent experts to make their caseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  whereas in a Civil Law trial if expert witnesses are called they à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“belong to the courtà ¢Ã¢â €š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:27). The final difference in the trial stage is when it comes to the evidence of a case. Evidence within a Civil Law trial is much wider than in the Common Law trial because the Civil Law advocates à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“free evaluation of evidenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:27). On the other hand, Common Law is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“bound by very complex rules of evidence, and rules for exclusion of certain evidenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012:27). To conclude, this essay has aimed to compare and contrast the Civil Law tradition with the Common Law tradition by giving a brief history on each before exploring the components of; sources of law, court systems, justice actors and the criminal process. It has been found that the one main similarity in the two traditions is safeguarding the public and society but the differences lie within how this is done. Overall, the difference in the sources of law is that Civil Law is codified whereas Common Law is judge-made based law. The next difference lies in the court systems and the Civil Law tradition has several separate court systems in comparison to Common Law which is seen as a unified court system. This third difference can be distinguished from the justice actors in the sense that Civil Law countries have more Justice Actors than a Common Law country and the duties of each of these roles may slightly differ. The final component to show a difference between the Civil and Common Law traditions is the trial stage of the criminal process, and the four main differences lie within time, central players, witnesses and evidence. References Prof. Madhav Prasad Acharya, 2003. The Adversarial v. Inquisitorial Models of Justice.KSL Journal, Vol 1, Pages 63-70. James G Apple, 1995.A Primer on the Civil-law System. 1st Edition. Federal Judicial Center. Joseph Dainow, 1966. The Civil Law and the Common Law: Some Points of Comparison.The America n Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 15, No. 3, pages 419-435. Harry R Dammer, 2011.Comparative Criminal Justice Systems. Edition. Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc. Melanie Davidson, 2014. Court Structures of the Common Law World.The Good Law Guide, Pages 1 59. Professor Thomas Fleiner, 2005. Two Legal Systems.Common Law and Continental Law, Pages 1 34. Adam Gearey, 2012. Common law reasoning and institutions.International Programmes, ., Pages 1-263 Dominik Lengeling, 2008. Differences, reciprocal influences and points of intersection.Common law and civil law, Pages 1 32 Peter O. Nwankwo, 2011.Criminology and Criminal Justice Systems of the World: A Comparative Perspective. Edition. Trafford Publishing. Dr. Vivienne Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor, 2012. Common Law and Civil Law Traditions.INPROL, Vol 1, Pages 5 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 35 Francis Pakes, 2004.Comparative Criminal Justice. Edition. Willan Publishing (UK). Philip L. Reichel, 2012.Comparative Criminal Justic e Systems: A Topical Approach (6th Edition). 6 Edition. Prentice Hall Shahid M. Shahidullah, 2012.Comparative Criminal Justice Systems: Global and Local Perspectives. 1 Edition. Jones Bartlett Learning Sources of the law legal definition of Sources of the law. 2015.Sources of the law legal definition of Sources of the law. [ONLINE] Available at:https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Sources+of+the+law. [Accessed 15 March 2015]. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Tradition of Criminal Justice" essay for you Create order